Fix parsing of :: cast after parenthesized DEFAULT expression

[isaacparker0]

Fix a regression introduced in v0.59.0 by #1927:

CREATE TABLE t (c text DEFAULT (foo())::text);

fails to parse with

ParserError("Expected: ',' or ')' after column definition, found: ::")

To fix, continue parsing infix operators after the parenthesized prefix in parse_column_option_expr.